RAD3200 OPTIMAX - Optimisation of image quality and x-radiation dose in medical imaging Course description

The course is organised in two parts. The first is an international summer school while the second is an ordinary study at HiOA. Each part has a duration of approx. 3 weeks.

Optimax is an outgrowth of programmes currently running at University of Salford (UK), Hanze University of Applied Sciences (the Netherlands) , Haute Ecole de Santé Vaud (Switzerland) , Lisbon School of Health Technology (Portugal) and the Master Programme in Biomedicine at HiOA. These institutions take turns to host summer school.

Optimax is built on multi-disciplinary collaborative research already being undertaken between some of the partners. Contributing expertise will be drawn from a wide range of relevant disciplines and fields of practice and partners have been selected after a detailed discussion confirming their personal or institutional focus as highly relevant.

Subject

• Theory and method 0.5 ECTS
• Ethics 0.5 ECTS
• Governing 6.0 ECTS
• Physics of medical imaging 1.0 ECTS
• Quality improvement 1.0 ECTS
• Methodological principles and techniques 0.5 ECTS
• Communication 0.5 ECTS
• SUM 10 ECTS

Completion of the first and second academic year.

On successful completion of this part the student will achieve the following learning outcomes:

Knowledge

The student is able to

• describe the challenges in welfare systems, relevant national legislation, and the role of national and international organizations, regulations and agreements regarding medical imaging. describe theory and regulation of X-radiation dose limitation in the clinical setting
• describe the difference in healthcare and medical imaging in the other countries
• describe how the fundamental sciences of physics and psychology can be co-applied to help minimise X-radiation dose
• discuss a range of approaches that might be used to minimise X-radiation dose in the clinical setting whilst preserving medical image quality
• describe how inter-professional collaboration contributes to improve image quality
• discuss how to promote best practice in radiography
• describe the past and present developments and achievements of medical imaging and discuss possible future challenges within the field.

Skills

The student is able to

• participate in writing a scientific article, presenting a conference paper, presenting a conference poster and a basic scientific review.
• propose ways in which experiments can be conducted to generate image data
• analyse image data using suitable perceptual, mathematical and/or physics techniques
• draw inferences from the data with respect to identifying fit for purpose images that have low associated radiation dose

General competences

The student is able to

• facilitate an international and interdisciplinary experience in the medical imaging field
• consider strategies which can be used to effectively and safely translate dose and clinical image quality optimisation work into the routine clinical setting
• reflect upon ethical issues and discuss intercultural perspectives in research
• reflect on the development and priorities in medical imaging use and the consequences for social development, individual health and social problems

SERNB2000 eller tilsvarende

Etter fullført emne har studenten følgende læringsutbytte definert i kunnskap, ferdigheter og generell kompetanse:

Kunnskap

Studenten

• har bred kunnskap om aktuelle trender i den globale mat- og ernæringssituasjonen
• har bred kunnskap om de vanligste ernæringsutfordringene i et internasjonalt perspektiv hos gravide, ammende, spedbarn og småbarn
• har bred kunnskap om de ulike former for underernæring, mulige årsaker, konsekvenser og tiltak
• har bred kunnskap om amming og tilleggskost i fattige land
• har bred kunnskap om strategier for å redusere feilernæring
• har kunnskap om mat og ernæring i krisesituasjoner
• har kunnskap om mat og ernæringssikkerhet i et globalt perspektiv (nutrition-sensitive food systems/development)
• kjenner til konseptet mat som menneskerettighet

Ferdigheter

Studenten

• kan evaluere ernæringsstatus og anvende WHO vekstkurver for barn
• kan bruke dataprogrammet SMART for å beregne ernæringsstatus blant barn
• kan anvende UNICEF-modell for underernæring
• kan anvende WHOs indikatorer for amming og tilleggskost (IYCF)
• kan beregne matbehov i en krisesituasjon

Generell kompetanse

Studenten

• kan fremvise profesjonelt og etisk ansvar ved å belyse relevante problemstillinger i forbindelse med ernæringsarbeid i konfliktområder og fattige land
• har innsikt i internasjonale guidelines og dataverktøy og som blir brukt ved ernæringsarbeid i konfliktområder og fattige land

Arbeids- og undervisningsformene veksler mellom forelesninger, gruppearbeid og selvstudium.

Ingen

Eksamensinnhold: Læringsutbyttene.

Eksamensform: Individuell skriftlig eksamen under tilsyn, fire timer.

Sensorordning: Interne.

Vurderingsuttrykk: Gradert skala A-F.

Hjelpemidler til vurdering/eksamen

Ingen.

Pensumliste

Tema: underernæring (symptomer og tegn, UNICEF modell)

UNICEF model

United Nations Children's Fund. (1990). Strategy for improved nutrition of children and women in developing countries . Hentet fra http://repository.forcedmigration.org/show_metadata.jsp?pid=fmo:3066

Ulike former for underernæring, årsaker og konsekvenser

de Onis, M. & Branca, F. (2016). Childhood stunting: A global perspective. Maternal and Child Nutrition, 12 , 12-26. doi: http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.hioa.no/10.1111/mcn.12231

Dewey, K. G. & Begum, K. (2010). Why stunting matters. A & T [Alive and thrive] Technical brief, (2), 1-8. Hentet fra: aliveandthrive.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Brief-2-Why-stunting-matters_English.pdf

Victora, C. G., Adair, L., Fall, C., Hallal, P. C., Martorell, R., Richter, L. & Sachdev, H. S. (2008). Maternal and child undernutrition: consequences for adult health and human capital. The Lancet, 371 (9609), 340-357. Hentet fra: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673607616924

Vekst og utvikling hos barn

Markestad, T. (2009). Klinisk pediatri (2. utg.). Bergen: Fagbokforl. [Kapittel 2]

Aktuelle trender i den globale mat- og ernæringssituasjonen

Black, R. E., Allen, L. H., Bhutta, Z. A., Caulfield, L. E., de Onis, M., Ezzati, M., . . . Rivera, J. (2008). Maternal and child undernutrition: global and regional exposures and health consequences. The Lancet, 371 (9608), 243-260. Hentet fra:http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxy.hioa.no/science/article/pii/S0140673607616900

Black, R. E., Victora, C. G., Walker, S. P., Bhutta, Z. A., Christian, P., de Onis, M., . . . Uauy, R. Maternal and child undernutrition and overweight in low-income and middle-income countries. I The Lancet (Vol. 382). Hentet fra http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxy.hioa.no/science/article/pii/S014067361360937X

Antropometri

Bærug, A. B., Tufte, E., Norum, K. R. & Bjørneboe, G.-E. A. (2007). Verdens helseorganisasjons nye vekststandard for barn under fem år. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening, 127 (18), 2390-2394. Hentet fra: http://tidsskriftet.no/2007/09/tema-ernaering-og-helse/verdens-helseorganisasjons-nye-vekststandard-barn-under-fem-ar

Gorstein, J., Sullivan, K., Yip, R., De Onis, M., Trowbridge, F., Fajans, P. & Clugston, G. (1994). Issues in the assessment of nutritional status using anthropometry. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 72 (2), 273-283. Hentet fra: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2486530/pdf/bullwho00413-0090.pdf

Tema: underernæring (umiddelbare årsaker)

Infeksjon og vekst

Dewey, K. G. & Mayers, D. R. (2011). Early child growth: how do nutrition and infection interact? Maternal & Child Nutrition, 7 , 129-142. Hentet fra: https://bibsys-almaprimo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com:443/HIOA:default_scope:TN_wj10.1111/j.1740-8709.2011.00357.x

Amming og IYCF

King, F. S. & Burgess, A. (1993). Nutrition for developing countries (2. utg.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. [Kapittel 10: Breastfeeding]

Victora, C. G., Bahl, R., Barros, A. J. D., França, G. V. A., Horton, S., Krasevec, J., . . . Rollins, N. C. (2016). Breastfeeding in the 21st century: Epidemiology, mechanisms, and lifelong effect. The Lancet, 387(10017), 475-490. Hentet fra: https://bibsys-almaprimo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com:443/HIOA:default_scope:TN_sciversesciencedirect_elsevierS0140-6736(15)01024-7

WHO. (2008). Indicators for assessing infant and young child feeding practices part 1 : Definition . Hentet frahttp://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/documents/9789241596664/en/

Tilleggskost

WHO. (2000). Complementary feeding: Family foods for breastfed children . Hentet frahttp://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/66389/1/WHO_NHD_00.1.pdf?ua=1&ua=1

Tema: underernæring (underliggende årsaker)

Nutrition Transition og dobbel sykdomsbyrde

Drewnowski, A. & Popkin, B. M. (1997). The nutrition transition: New trends in the global diet. Nutrition Reviews, 55 (2), 31-43. Hentet fra: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.ezproxy.hioa.no/doi/10.1111/j.1753-4887.1997.tb01593.x/epdf

Holmboe-Ottesen, G. (2000). Globale trender i matkonsum og ernæring. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening, 120 (1), 78-82. Hentet fra: http://tidsskriftet.no/2000/01/tema-fremtiden/globale-trender-i-matkonsum-og-ernaering

Lobstein, T., Jackson-Leach, R., Moodie, M. L., Hall, K. D., Gortmaker, S. L., Swinburn, B. A., . . . McPherson, K. (2015). Child and adolescent obesity: part of a bigger picture. The Lancet, 385 (9986), 2510-2520. Hentet fra:http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxy.hioa.no/science/article/pii/S0140673614617463

Monteiro, C. A., Moura, E. C., Conde, W. L. & Popkin, B. M. (2004). Socioeconomic status and obesity in adult populations of developing countries: A review. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 82 (12), 940-946. Hentet fra: https://login.ezproxy.hioa.no/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=c8h&AN=106083811&site=ehost-live

Mat og ernæringssikkerhet i et globalt perspektiv (se også litteratur under arbeidskrav)

Herforth, A. & Dufour, C. (2014). Key recommendations for improving nutrition through agriculture: Establishing a global consensus. SCN News, (40), 33-38. Hentet fra: securenutrition.org/sites/default/files/resources/attachment/english/Herforth%2520and%2520Dufour.pdf

Maxwell, S. (1996). Food security: a post-modern perspective. Food Policy, 21 (2), 155-170. Hentet fra:https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-9192(95)00074-7

Strategier for å redusere feilernæring (se også litteratur under arbeidskrav)

Bhutta, Z. A., Ahmed, T., Black, R. E., Cousens, S., Dewey, K., Giugliani, E., . . . Shekar, M. (2008). What works? Interventions for maternal and child undernutrition and survival. The Lancet, 371 (9610), 417-440. Hentet fra: https://bibsys-almaprimo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com:443/HIOA:default_scope:TN_sciversesciencedirect_elsevierS0140-6736(07)61693-6

Ruel, M. T. & Alderman, H. (2013). Nutrition-sensitive interventions and programmes: How can they help to accelerate progress in improving maternal and child nutrition? The Lancet, 382 (9891), 536-551. Hentet fra: https://bibsys-almaprimo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com:443/HIOA:default_scope:TN_sciversesciencedirect_elsevierS0140-6736(13)60843-0

Tema: underernæring (grunnleggende årsaker)

Mat og menneskerettigheter

FAO. (2005). Voluntary guidelines to support the progressive realization of the right to adequate food in the context of national food security . Hentet fra ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/009/y7937e/y7937e00.pdf

UN Economic and Social Council (1999). General Comment No. 12: The Right to Adequate Food (Art. 11 of the Covenant). . Hentet 3.juli fra http://www.escr-net.org/docs/i/425234

Tema: Underernæring (ernæringsarbeid i konflikt, mat i krisesituasjoner)

Barikmo, I. & Norang. (2017). Protocol and procedure for treatment of SAM children admitted to the malnutrition centre at the National hospital, Rabouni . [Upublisert pr. 27.11.17. Legges ut for studentene. Protokoll 58 s., det meste er ikke puggstoff, men forståelse og kunne slå opp når det er nødvendig]

Young, H., Borrel, A., Holland, D. & Salama, P. (2004). Public nutrition in complex emergencies. The Lancet, 364 (9448), 1899-1909. Hentet fra: https://bibsys-almaprimo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com:443/HIOA:default_scope:TN_sciversesciencedirect_elsevierS0140-6736(04)17447-3

WHO. (2002). Food and nutrition needs in emergencies . Hentet frahttp://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/68660/1/a83743.pdf?ua=1 [s. 1-36]

Litteratur arbeidskrav

Omsorg (care) for barn og kvinner

Engle, P. L. (1997). The Care Initiative: Assessment, analysis and action to improve care for nutrition . New York: UNICEF.

Life cycle approach

Darnton-Hill, I., Nishida, C. & James, W. P. T. (2004). A life course approach to diet, nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases. Public Health Nutrition, 7 (1a), 101-121. Hentet fra: https://bibsys-almaprimo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com:443/HIOA:default_scope:TN_cambridgeS1368980004000163

Godfrey, K. M., Gluckman, P. D. & Hanson, M. A. (2010). Developmental origins of metabolic disease: Life course and intergenerational perspectives. Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism, 21 (4), 199-205. Hentet fra: https://bibsys-almaprimo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com:443/HIOA:default_scope:TN_sciversesciencedirect_elsevierS1043-2760(09)00219-7

Mat og ernæringssikkerhet

FAO. (2014). The State of food insecurity in the world 2014 . Hentet fra http://www.fao.org/3/a-i4030e.pdf

Ruel, M. (2013). Food security and nutrition: Linkages and complementarities IM. Eggersdorfer, K. Kraemer, M. Ruel, M. Van Ameringen, H. K. Biesalski, M. Bloem, . . . V. Mannar (Red.), The Road to good nutrition(s. 24-38). Hentet fra vitaminsinmotion.com/fileadmin/data/pdf/RTGN/RTGN_chapter_02.pdf

Sustainable Development Goals

UNSCN. (2015). Priority nutrition indicators for the post-2015 sustainable development goals: A policy brief. Hentet fra:https://www.unscn.org/files/Publications/Policy_brief_Priority_Nutrition_Indicators_for_the_Post-2015_SDGs.pdf

Webb, P. (2014). Nutrition and the post-2015 sustainable development goals: A technical note. Hentet fra:https://www.unscn.org/files/Publications/Briefs_on_Nutrition/Final_Nutrition%20and_the_SDGs.pdf

Webb, P. (2016). Why nutrition must feature prominently in the post-2015 Sustainable Development Goals. Hentet fra http://www.glopan.org/news/why-nutrition-must-feature-prominently-post-2015-sustainable-development-goals

Nutrition-specific interventions

Bhutta, Z. A., Das, J. K., Rizvi, A., Gaffey, M. F., Walker, N., Horton, S., . . . Black, R. E. (2013). Evidence-based interventions for improvement of maternal and child nutrition: What can be done and at what cost?The Lancet, 382 (9890), 452-477. Hentet fra: https://bibsys-almaprimo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com:443/HIOA:default_scope:TN_sciversesciencedirect_elsevierS0140-6736(13)60996-4

(Pensumliste ajour: 27.11.17. Gjennomgått av Biblioteket Kjeller, kk. APA-stil.)

Two internal examiner evaluate maximum 80 % and one internal and one external examiner evaluate minimum 20 % of the students. The external examiner's evaluatio.

Audun Sanderud