Bachelor Programme in Photojournalism Programme description

Bachelorstudiet i fotojournalistikk er yrkesrettet og kvalifiserer for arbeid som fotojournalist i mediebransjen eller som frilanser.

Studiets hovedmål er at studentene skal lære seg å rapportere visuelt fra virkeligheten. Gjennom studiet skal studentene tilegne seg kunnskaper, ferdigheter og kompetanse som gjør dem i stand til å arbeide som fotojournalister med fotografi, tekst og video. Studiet skal introdusere studentene til akademisk arbeid med fotojournalistisk teori og etikk.

Fotojournalistikkstudiet samarbeider med bachelorstudium i journalistikk. De to utdanningen har felles undervisning og samarbeider om oppgaver i studiets første semester. Studiet krever at hver student har eget digitalt kamerautstyr. Før studiestart vil studenten få beskjed om hvilke minimumskrav som stilles til utstyret.

Bachelorgraden oppnås i samsvar med forskrift om studier og eksamen ved Høgskolen i Oslo og Akershus :

Enten:

Bachelor i fotojournalistikk , jf. § 2-3, 1 a, som oppnås etter fullført og bestått treårig studium. Gradens engelske tittel er Bachelor of Photojournalism .

Eller:

Bachelor i kultur- og samfunnsfag , jf. § 2-3, 1 c, som kan oppnås etter å ha fullført og bestått de to første studieårene (120 studiepoeng). Graden skal også inneholde et studieprogram/emnegruppe på minimum 30- studiepoeng. Eventuelle frittstående emner kan utgjøre inntil 30 studiepoeng. Gradens engelske tittel er Bachelor of Arts .

A graduate of this program has acquired the following learning outcomes defined as knowledge, skills and competence:

Knowledge

The graduate can

• demonstrate thorough familiarity with basic and advanced principles of experimental, conceptual and applied behavior analysis
• discuss the relationship between theoretical knowledge, experiments, and applied science
• analyze and state the difference between description and explanation
• generalize knowledge over settings and phenomena
• demonstrate theoretical and working knowledge of the ethical principles that govern scientific research and interventions in applied settings

Skills

The graduate can

• analyze practical problems using relevant principles of behavioral science, and argue for the analysis with reference to relevant scientific literature
• conduct experiments and demonstrate working knowledge of the natural scientific method
• demonstrate appropriate strategies for measuring effects of interventions by using different designs and inferential statistics
• critically assess the quality of scientific information

Competence

The graduate can

• contribute to the development of evidence-based methods for intervention and change
• share knowledge and skills with public and peers according to the standards of professional scientific communication, including the current APA standards
• justify his/her professional behavior with reference to relevant professional and ethical guidelines, general ethical considerations, and assessment of the situation.

Additional learning outcomes for specialisation in Concepts and Applications (BSCA)

The following additional learning outcomes apply to candidates taking the specialisation in Concepts and Applications:

Skills

The graduate can

• conduct and report a supervised research project with a behavioral perspective in accordance with research ethical guidelines and regulations

Program Structure

The program constitutes a scientifically and pedagogically integrated whole; with compulsory and elective components (all comprising 10 ECTS), in addition to master’s theses of 30 ECTS (BSCA) and 60 ECTS (BSII).

Content of common compulsory courses

These courses provide basic insight and some practical skills in behavior analysis. The philosophy of science that is fundamental to behavior analysis is introduced and placed in a wider context of philosophy of science. The status of various scientific approaches in modern society is discussed. The courses place the study of human behavior in a natural science tradition and emphasize a selectionist understanding of change processes. Basic ontological and epistemological questions are discussed: unity of knowledge; the relationship between natural sciences, social sciences and the humanities; determining and defining analytical units in research; and methodological approaches suitable for promoting effective action based on functional analyses. Behavior analysis – experimental, conceptual and applied – is introduced as a cumulative science of behavior.

Compulsory courses

These courses are compulsory for all students:

• MALK4000-401 Complexity, Science and Society
• MALK4000-403 Behavior Analysis and Radical Behaviorism
• MALKA211 Introduction to Behavior Analysis
• MALKA214 Experimental Design and Functional Analysis

For students in the Concepts and applications specialisation, these courses are also compulsory:

• MALK4000-402 Relational Skills
• MALKA212 Refinement of Behavior Analytic Terms
• MALKA213 Laboratory Exercises – Experimental Analysis of Behavior

Content of elective courses

In the elective courses, various behaviorally based approaches to initiating, facilitating and managing change processes in individual behavior repertoire, organizations and systems are studied. Behavioral technology comprises everything from basic self-control techniques to sophisticated tools for initiating and managing complex processes in large organizations. Important features in this methodology are operational measures of change and continuous data collection.

Elective courses (a total of 20 ECTS)

Each student chooses two (2) of the following courses:

• MALKA215 Complex Human Behavior
• MALKA217 Early Intervention for Children with Pervasive Developmental Disorders
• MALKA218 Ethical Considerations in Applied Behavior Analysis
• MALKA219 Organizational Behavior Management (OBM)
• MALKA220 Behavioral Economics
• MALKA221 Complex Systems and Risk Management (Not offered in 2024)
• MALKA222 Clinical Behavior Analysis

Elective courses are normally offered every Fall term. Students enrol for courses by deadlines each semester, and the department reserves the right to cancel courses with insufficient enrolment. Depending on the number of students enrolled, changes may be made in the way the courses are conducted.

Master’s theses – 30 and 60 ECTS credits

Students admitted to specialisation in Concepts and Applications write an individual master’s thesis worth 30 ECTS (MALK5000). The thesis is usually a work in progress during the elective courses, when students participate in research projects with faculty.

By the end of the final course at the latest, the student submits a thesis outline, including a research question, a plan for progress, and a plan for dissemination (see guidelines, Thesis outline). When faculty approves the thesis outline, the student is assigned a supervisor for his thesis work. See the course descriptions for MALK5000 for a more detailed description of the master’s thesis worth 30 ECTS.

Students admitted to specialisation in Innovation and Implementation write an individual master’s thesis worth 60 ECTS (MALK5900). Students’ theses will be written with a basis in innovation projects designed and implemented by the candidates in the program. The program appoints a thesis advisor, and the candidate works with a dedicated field supervisor trained by the Department of Behavioral Science. The thesis reports the planning, design and implementation of the innovation project, and includes an executive summary that will be made publicly available through a Project Bank. See the course descriptions for MALK5900 for a more detailed description of the master’s thesis worth 60 ECTS.

Two compulsory seminars in research ethics cover academic honesty; the work of Regional Ethics Committees; the guidelines of OsloMet on research ethics and research fraud; current publication manuals and APA style manuscript preparation, and the use of electronic reference management tools. The seminars are taken place digitally and are open for students from all stages of the program. One seminar is held every semester, and both seminars must be completed before the proposal for the thesis is submitted.

The master’s thesis can be written in Norwegian, Swedish, Danish or English.

The program complies with the quality assurance systems required by the university.

Progression Requirements

All coursework requirements must be approved to sit for the final course exam. Coursework requirements must be approved to participate and submit coursework requirements according to the following:

• MALK4000-403: MALK4000-401, or equivalent
• MALKA211: MALK4000-401, MALK4000-403, or equivalent
• MALKA212: MALK4000-401, MALK4000-403, MALKA211, or equivalent
• MALKA213: MALK4000-401, MALK4000-403, MALKA211, MALKA212, or equivalent
• MALKA214: MALK4000-401, MALK4000-403, MALKA211, or equivalent
• MALKA215: MALK4000-401, MALK4000-403, MALKA211, MALKA212, MALKA214, or equivalent
• MALK5000: All courses in the specialisation must be completed with pass grades and the coursework requirements, including seminars in research ethics, must be approved before the candidate may submit the master’s thesis.
• MALK5900: All courses in the specialisation must be completed with pass grades and the coursework requirements, including seminars in research ethics, and thesis seminars must be approved before the candidate may submit the master’s thesis.

Courses in the BSII-specialisation are digitalised and to some degree self-paced. They are designed according to the principles of Personalized System of Instruction (PSI), which require that students master the content of a specific learning unit before they are allowed to proceed with the next unit in the course sequence.

Exemption from the provisions of progression requirements may in special cases and upon application by the student, be granted.

Varied and student-active teaching methods are used in the program. The languages of instruction are Norwegian and English. Textbooks, reading packages and digital course sequences are in English.

Good learning outcomes primarily depend on the students’ own efforts. Student effort includes benefiting from teaching and academic supervision; following this up with independent work in the form of theoretical studies, and, when relevant, practical skills training. The program is demanding, and requires consistent effort during the whole semester. The most important work and teaching forms used in each course in the program are described below. Individual course descriptions state which work methods each course employs.

Web-based work and teaching methods

Several forms of digital learning resources are used in the program, such as digital textbooks, digital lectures, video clips, tests, and assignments. These resources can be used to prepare for teaching sessions, during seminars using Interteaching, and as part of self-study. This form of teaching requires the students to meet prepared for the scheduled teaching sessions. Interaction can also take place digitally. Students from both specialisations will have access to digitalised versions of the course content. For the digital course sequences, feedback on details of course content, and supervised discussion groups will be available during pre-determined time periods.

Personalized System of Instruction (PSI)

The Innovation and Implementation specialisation provides students with digital course sequences constructed from the principles of Personalized System of Instruction, PSI. This is a teaching program that builds verbal/conceptual repertoires by going from basic to advanced concepts with no gaps in between, and where student progress is contingent on mastering previous learning units at a certain level before the next unit is made available. This will, with required readings matched to the course content and dedicated sessions for teacher’s response to student questions, allow for a certain degree of self-pacing, making this suited for part-time students with different demands on their time than full-time students. The complete content of each course will be broken down into course sequences that build upon the previous one, with a mastery test at the end of each sequence. A success rate of 80% allows the student to continue to the next sequence.

The course sequences replace lectures and workshops for those who are in the Innovation and Implementation specialisation, but students are welcome to participate in all teaching and learning activities, irrespective of their specialisation.

Lectures

Lectures are primarily used to introduce new subject matter, provide an overview and highlight main elements and links within different topics, and also to communicate relevant issues.

Seminars

Seminars emphasize dialogue and discussion between the subject teacher(s) and students in order to stimulate the student's academic development. Verbal presentations by students and discussions are emphazised. In connection with MALK5900: Master's thesis (60 ECTS), seminars are held where scientific and methodological aspects of the master's theses are presented and discussed. The students receive feedback from their fellow students and teachers, which enables them to learn from each other. Research-related issues, methods and academic supervision are among the topics discussed in the seminars. Seminars for MALK5900 will be conducted on digital collaboration platforms.

Interteaching

Interteaching is a technology of classroom instruction based on the principles of behavior analysis. The Interteaching method includes pre-session reading; discussion of pre-determined questions in pairs with perambulating instructors; summarizing lectures based on questions from the discussions, and data collection including student evaluation of each session.

Written assignments

Written assignments vary according to learning outcomes, course content and work methods. The assignments usually consist of written work, in the form of essays, reaction papers or reviews of literature, or multiple-choice tests. The coursework requirements ensure steady academic progress and stimulate the students to acquire new knowledge; testing their knowledge, skills and competencies against the standards of the course outcomes. Coursework requirements get feedback from instructors and are specifically designed to give students practice in academic writing and prepare them for thesis work.

Simulation/laboratory exercises/skills training

Simulation/laboratory exercises/skills training is used to design and execute learning experiments, giving hands-on experience with basic learning processes and experiments.

Self-study and student cooperation/group work

Learning requires a high degree of self-paced activity and self-study, including both individual work and cooperation with fellow students. Through activities such as exchanging ideas, presentations, discussions, writing assignments and problem-based assignments, students will be stimulated to learn by communicating knowledge and experience, expressing their own opinions and, together, reflecting on their own attitudes, actions and understanding of the field. Students are encouraged to take initiative to schedule and actively participate in study groups to promote learning. Information about the activities in the institute’s research groups is presented at the start the program, and students are encouraged to take part in the lab activities in the research groups. For each course, the students are responsible for readings.

The increasing globalization of the labour market makes international experience and knowledge of languages and cultures increasingly important. Internationalization contributes to raising the quality of education and strengthens the academic community relating to the master’s program, at the same time as it strengthens the students as global citizens.

The Program for Behavioral Science has teaching and research collaboration projects and agreements with several foreign institutions of higher education. We encourage students to take a part of their master`s degree at one of our collaborating institutions, subject to the approval of the Head of Studies. A prerequisite for approval of the exchange is that the coursework is interchangeable with courses in our master’s program.

The recommended options for international exchange are the 3rd semester for students at the BSCA-specialisation and 4th semester for students at the BSII-specialisation.

Courses open to exchange students

The following courses are open to exchange students:

• MALKA211 Introduction to Behavior Analysis, 10 ECTS
• MALKA212 Refinement of Behavior Analytic Terms, 10 ECTS
• MALKA213 Laboratory Exercises – Experimental Analysis of Behavior,10 ECTS
• MALKA215 Complex Human Behavior, 10 ECTS
• MALKA217 Early Intervention for Children with Pervasive Developmental Disorders, 10 ECTS
• MALKA218 Ethical Considerations in Applied Behavior Analysis, 10 ECTS
• MALKA219 Organizational Behavior Management (OBM), 10 ECTS
• MALKA220 Behavioral Economics, 10 ECTS
• MALKA221 Complex Systems and Risk Management,10 ECTS (Not offered in 2024)
• MALKA222 Clinical Behavior Analysis

Exchange students should have basic competence or a strong interest in behavior analysis.

Of these courses, MALKA213 is always taught in English. The others are taught in English when international students attend the course, otherwise they are mainly taught in Norwegian.

Required reading is primarily in English.

Studiet veksler mellom teoretisk undervisning i fotojournalistikkens innhold og praktisk oppgaveløsning, med en utvikling fra det lokale og det nasjonale, til det globale og internasjonale. I tillegg til undervisning i tematiske bolker, er det ukentlige forelesninger i språk og medier og samfunn det første semestret. Det gis undervisning både på dag- og ettermiddags-/kveldstid.

Fotojournalistisk arbeid med veiledning og gjennomgang av oppgavene i grupper er en grunnstamme i undervisningen. Praktisk og teoretisk orientert undervisning går hånd i hånd. Teorien skal belyse og gi forståelse for det praktiske arbeidet og omvendt. Praktiske oppgaver oppsummeres gjennom metoderapport eller refleksjonsnotat. Teoretiske elementer finnes gjennom hele forløpet, i pensum, forelesninger og i eksamensoppgaver. Bildeteori for fotojournalister (FOTO2100) er et teoretisk emne.

Alle skriftlige journalistiske produksjonsoppgaver (arbeidskrav og eksamen) må leveres på norsk. I emner som undervises på engelsk, må studentene bruke engelsk.

Praktiske oppgaver

Praktiske oppgaver i alle emner har tre deler. Første del handler om idé, research og pitching. Andre del er selve den fotojournalistiske oppgaven. Tredje del oppsummering gjennom en metoderapport eller et refleksjonsnotat. Alle tre deler må være godkjent.

Mappe

Studentene samler alle ferdige og godkjente oppgaveløsninger, utkast og underkjente oppgaveløsninger i en mappe. Mappevurdering brukes både i undervisning og til eksamen.

Arbeidskravene (obligatoriske oppgaver) er helt sentrale i arbeidet med mappa (se nedenfor om arbeidskrav).

Poenget med mappevurdering er at både student og lærer effektivt kan få et inntrykk av studentens faglige utvikling. Vurderingen blir da også en prosess, integrert i undervisningsforløpet. Til eksamen kan mappa brukes på ulike måter: Studentene kan for eksempel bli bedt om å skrive et refleksjonsnotat med tilknytning til utvalgte arbeider fra mappa og til pensum, eller de kan bli bedt om å levere utvalgte arbeider fra mappa til kvalitetsbedømmelse.

Exam questions are in English. Students may submit their exams in Norwegian, Swedish, Danish or English. All ordinary exams are held in the same term as the corresponding course.

All exams are evaluated and graded by two examiners, one from program faculty and one external to the program. The grading scale on all exams is: A (highest) to F (lowest) where A to E are the pass grades, and F is a fail grade.

All courses included in the specialisation are specified on the diploma, as is the title of the master’s thesis.

Assessments are carried out in accordance with the Act Relating to Universities and University Colleges, Regulations Relating to Studies and Examinations at OsloMet and Guidelines for Appointment and Use of Examiners at OsloMet.

In accordance with Regulations Relating to Appointment and Use of Examiners at OsloMet, external program supervisors are affiliated with this study program. The external program supervisors shall through feedback and advice contribute to ensuring that:

• the Master’s Degree program is a high-quality program judged by the standards for equivalent degrees at other national and international higher education institutions
• there is a coherence between the learning outcomes, teaching and forms of assessment
• there is a coherence between the different courses of the program
• the students’ knowledge and skills are tested and assessed in an impartial and satisfactory way.

The external program supervisors prepare a report that will be included in the department’s quality assurance work.

Approved by NOKUT on April 15th, 2004

Approved by the Board of Akershus University College on September 7th, 2004

Last amendments approved by the Educational Board of the Faculty of Health Sciences on December 6th 2023

Arbeidskrav er en felles betegnelse på obligatoriske bidrag fra studenten i emnet. Arbeidskrav kan være praktiske fotojournalistiske oppgaver. Det kan også være teoretiske oppgaver, eller deltakelse og bidrag i felles undervisning og gruppearbeid.

En student kan framstille seg til eksamen når obligatoriske oppgaver er levert og godkjent slik det enkelte emnet krever. Se planen for det enkelte emne. Oppgaver, frister og leveringsmåter blir kunngjort i emnets semesterplan.

Omfanget på det enkelte arbeidskrav vil variere ut fra sjanger og medium. Eventuelle krav til omfang fremgår i den enkelte emneplanen eller de blir kunngjort i emnets semesterplan.

På arbeidskrav gis det tilbakemelding i form av godkjent/ikke godkjent.

Ved sykdom eller annen dokumentert tvingende grunn kan det avtales egen frist med faglærer. Hvis studenten ikke overholder fristen som er gitt i emneplanen, eller fristen som er avtalt med faglærer, får studenten ikke levere oppgaven, og mister dermed retten til å gå opp til eksamen.

Obligatorisk deltakelse

• Det er obligatorisk å delta i gruppegjennomgangen av obligatoriske oppgaver. Obligatorisk deltakelse i gjennomgangene er et pedagogisk virkemiddel for å gi studentene trening i å kommentere og reflektere over egne og andres arbeider. Det kreves at studenten selv tar ansvar for forbedring av eget og andres arbeid i gruppegjennomgangene. Hvilke oppgaver som skal gjennomgås i gruppe framgår av semesterplanen/emneplanen som gjøres tilgjengelig for studentene ved semesterstart.
• Det er obligatorisk å delta i praktisk undervisning og introduksjonsforelesninger i de fotojournalistiske emnene. Dette skal sikre at studentene har nødvendige forkunnskaper for å kunne løse praktiske oppgaver i studiet. Hvilke emner dette gjelder framgår i semesterplanen og av den enkelte emneplanen.
• Dersom utdanningen organisere kriseøvelse eller en samlet fotojournalistisk respons på en nyhetshendelser vil denne være obligatorisk.
• Fravær, også det som skyldes sykdom, kompenseres etter avtale med faglærer.

Vurdering og sensur skal foregå i samsvar med bestemmelsene om vurdering i lov av 1. april 2005 nr. 15 om universiteter og høyskoler og forskrift om studier og eksamen ved Høgskolen i Oslo og Akershus.

Vurderingsformene varierer og er nærmere beskrevet under hvert enkelte emne.

Som vurderingsuttrykk brukes enten bestått/ikke bestått, eller en gradert skala fra A til E for bestått og F for ikke bestått.

Etter fullført studium får studenten tildelt vitnemål med alle sluttkarakterer fra fullførte emner. 

Utfyllende bestemmelser knyttet til arbeidskrav og eksamen

• Ved eksamener der flere typer oppgaver skal leveres samlet og få en samlet karakter, må alle delene vurderes til bestått for at eksamenen som helhet skal kunne vurderes til bestått. Hvis studenten for eksempel skal levere en hjemmeoppgave pluss et arbeidskrav fra mappa, må både hjemmeoppgaven og mappeoppgaven vurderes til bestått for at studenten skal bestå eksamenen.
• Studenten er ansvarlig for forsvarlig sikkerhetskopiering og sikring av eget innhold. OsloMet - storbyuniversitetet er ikke ansvarlig for tap av tekst/data som følge av strømbrudd eller feil ved det tekniske utstyret.
• OsloMet - storbyuniversitetets ansvar for tilrettelegging av teknisk utstyr til redigering med videre begrenser seg til arbeidstiden. Studenter som vil bruke utstyret utenom vanlig arbeidstid, gjør det på eget ansvar.
• Oppgaver som er produsert utenom utdanningsforløpet, kan ikke leveres inn som arbeidskrav eller eksamensarbeid.

Valgfrie emner, studentutveksling og utenlandsopphold

Studenter som ikke ønsker praksis kan i 5. semester velge relevante emner ved andre utdanningsinstitusjoner eller dra på utveksling. I 6. semester kan studenter som ønsker det velge internasjonal utveksling i stede for FOTO3000 Dokumentar utland. Det er lagt til rette for utvekslingsopphold ved våre samarbeidsinstitusjoner i Norden, Europa eller resten av verden.

Studenten kan benytte seg av instituttets avtaler i Norden og Europa under stipendprogrammene Nordplus og Erasmus+. Studenten kan også benytte seg av HiOAs avtaler med institusjoner utenfor Europa. Flere opplysninger om samarbeidsinstitusjoner og muligheter for utvekslingsopphold finnes på HiOAs og fakultetets hjemmesider.

Studenten må på forhånd søke fakultetet om godkjenning av eksterne studier. Emnene/studiet må ha en faglig sammenheng med og være faglig relevant for utviklingen av studentens fotojournalistiske metode eller kunnskaper om globale/internasjonale forhold. I søknaden skal studenten redegjøre for emnenes relevans for studentens fotojournalistiske utvikling og emnenes faglige sammenheng. Søknaden må også inneholde emneplan. Den skal sendes til studieadministrasjonen ved Fakultet for samfunnsvitenskap.

Institutt for journalistikk og mediefag tilbyr emner som er faglig relevant for utviklingen av studentens fotojournalistiske metode eller kunnskaper om globale/internasjonale forhold.

Hvilke emner som blir satt opp, kunngjøres i semesteret før. Emner med lav søkning blir ikke satt opp. Dersom utenlandske studenter deltar i undervisningen av emnene Europa i endring gjennomføres dette emnene på engelsk. Studentene må da følge bestemmelsene i den engelske emneplanen.

Det er et krav at utvekslingsstudenter leverer en rapport om oppholdet etter hjemkomst. Rapporten skal være på ca. to sider, og den vil bli gjort tilgjengelig for andre studenter.